Voicing and aspiration
Voicing and aspiration
Voicing and aspiration of stop consonants in English depend on dialect and context, but a few general rules can be given:
§ Voiceless plosives and affricates (/p/, /t/, /k/, and /tʃ/) are aspirated when they are word-initial or begin a stressed syllable – compare pin[pʰɪn] and spin [spɪn], crap [kʰɹ̥æp] and scrap [skɹæp].
§ In some dialects, aspiration extends to unstressed syllables as well.
§ In other dialects, such as Indian English, all voiceless stops remain unaspirated.
§ Word-initial voiced plosives may be devoiced in some dialects.
§ Word-terminal voiceless plosives may be unreleased or accompanied by a glottal stop in some dialects; examples: tap [tʰæp̚], sack[sæk̚].
Word-terminal voiced plosives may be devoiced in some dialects (e.g. some varieties of American English) – examples: sad [sæd̥], bag[bæɡ̊]. In other dialects, they are fully voiced in final position, but only partially voiced in initial
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